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<title>MDL (programming language)</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">MDL (programming language)</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#e0e0e0;">MDL</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Multi-paradigm_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-paradigm programming language">Multi-paradigm</a>: <a href="Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a>, <a href="Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">procedural</a>, <a href="Reflective_programming" title="Reflective programming">reflective</a>, <a href="Metaprogramming" title="Metaprogramming">meta</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Gerald_Sussman" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerald Sussman">Gerald Sussman</a>, <a href="Carl_Hewitt" title="Carl Hewitt">Carl Hewitt</a>, Chris Reeve, <a href="Bruce_Daniels" title="Bruce Daniels">Bruce Daniels</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser"><a href="Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> <a href="Project_MAC" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MAC">Project MAC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">1971<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1971</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Final release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">105

/ 1980<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1980</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Dynamic_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic typing">Dynamic</a>, <a href="Strong_and_weak_typing" title="Strong and weak typing">strong</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Scope_(computer_science)" title="Scope (computer science)">Scope</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Scope_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scope (programming)">Static, lexical</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Implementation language</th><td class="infobox-data">MDL</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="PDP-10" title="PDP-10">PDP-10</a>, <a href="VAX" title="VAX">VAX</a>, <a href="Apollo/Domain" title="Apollo/Domain">Apollo/Domain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Incompatible_Timesharing_System" title="Incompatible Timesharing System">ITS</a>, <a href="TENEX_(operating_system)" title="TENEX (operating system)">TENEX</a>, <a href="TOPS-20" title="TOPS-20">TOPS-20</a>, <a href="Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a>, <a href="Domain/OS#AEGIS" title="Domain/OS">AEGIS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">Open-source</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="Z-machine" title="Z-machine">ZIL</a>, <a href="Planner_(programming_language)" title="Planner (programming language)">Planner</a>, <a href="Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a>, <a href="Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a>, <a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a>, <a href="Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a>; <a href="Actor_model" title="Actor model">actor model</a>, <a href="Interactive_fiction" title="Interactive fiction">interactive fiction</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>MDL</b> (<b>Model Development Language</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Supnik2006_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Supnik2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or colloquially also referred to as <b>More Datatypes than Lisp</b><sup id="cite_ref-Licklider1988_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Licklider1988-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> or <b>MIT Design Language</b>) is a <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a>, a descendant of the language <a href="Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>. Its initial purpose was to provide <a href="High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level programming language</a> support for the Dynamic Modeling Group at <a href="Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>'s (MIT) <a href="Project_MAC" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MAC">Project MAC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DornbrookBlank_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DornbrookBlank-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was developed in 1971 on a <a href="PDP-10" title="PDP-10">PDP-10</a> running <a href="Incompatible_Timesharing_System" title="Incompatible Timesharing System">ITS</a> and later ran on <a href="TENEX_(operating_system)" title="TENEX (operating system)">TENEX</a>, <a href="TOPS-20" title="TOPS-20">TOPS-20</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-GalleyPfister1979_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GalleyPfister1979-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Licklider1988_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Licklider1988-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> and <a href="Domain/OS#AEGIS" title="Domain/OS">AEGIS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lim1982_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lim1982-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The initial development team consisted of <a href="Gerald_Sussman" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerald Sussman">Gerald Sussman</a> and <a href="Carl_Hewitt" title="Carl Hewitt">Carl Hewitt</a> of the Artificial Intelligence Lab, and Chris Reeve, <a href="Bruce_Daniels" title="Bruce Daniels">Bruce Daniels</a>, and David Cressey of the Dynamic Modeling Group. Later, Stu Galley, also of the Dynamic Modeling Group, wrote the MDL documentation.

</p><p>MDL was initially called <i>Muddle</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-GalleyPfister1979_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GalleyPfister1979-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> This style of self-deprecating humor was not widely understood or appreciated outside of Project MAC. So the name was sanitized to MDL.

</p><p>MDL provides several enhancements to classic Lisp. It supports several built-in data types, including lists, strings and arrays, and user-defined data types. It offers <a href="Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">multithreaded</a> expression evaluation and <a href="Coroutine" title="Coroutine">coroutines</a>. <a href="Variable_(computer_science)" title="Variable (computer science)">Variables</a> can carry both a local value within a scope, and a global value, for passing data between scopes. Advanced built-in functions supported interactive <a href="Debugging" title="Debugging">debugging</a> of MDL programs, incremental <a href="Software_development" title="Software development">development</a>, and reconstruction of source programs from object programs.

</p><p>Although MDL is obsolete, some of its features have been incorporated in later versions of Lisp. Gerald Sussman went on to develop the <a href="Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a> language, in collaboration with <a href="Guy_Steele" class="mw-redirect" title="Guy Steele">Guy Steele</a>, who later wrote the specifications for <a href="Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a> and <a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>. Carl Hewitt had already published the idea for the language <i><a href="Planner_(programming_language)" title="Planner (programming language)">Planner</a></i> before the MDL project began, but his subsequent thinking on Planner reflected lessons learned from building MDL. Planner concepts influenced languages such as <a href="Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a> and <a href="Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a>. Smalltalk and <a href="Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a>, in turn, influenced Hewitt's future work on the <a href="Actor_model" title="Actor model">actor model</a>.

</p><p>But the largest influence that MDL had was on the <a href="Software" title="Software">software</a> genre of <a href="Interactive_fiction" title="Interactive fiction">interactive fiction</a> (IF). An IF game named <a href="Zork" title="Zork">Zork</a>, sometimes called Dungeon, was first written in MDL.<sup id="cite_ref-dyer19840506_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dyer19840506-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, Reeve, Daniels, Galley and other members of Dynamic Modeling went on to start <a href="Infocom" title="Infocom">Infocom</a>, a company that produced many early <a href="Commercial_software" title="Commercial software">commercial</a> works of interactive fiction.

</p><p>In 1980 <a href="Marc_Blank" title="Marc Blank">Marc Blank</a> and Joel Berez adapted the MDL language to create a subset called ZIL (<a href="Zork_Implementation_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zork Implementation Language">Zork Implementation Language</a>) which was used extensively by <a href="Infocom" title="Infocom">Infocom</a> to create their award winning games.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Code_sample">Code sample</h2></div>

<p>This is a sample of PDP-10 MDL:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-clojure mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="nv"><DEFINE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">EXIT-TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">EXITS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">RMS</span><span class="p">)</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">#</span><span class="nv">DECL</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">((</span><span class="nf">EXITS</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">EXIT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">RMS</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv"><UVECTOR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nv">REST</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">ROOM</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="nv">></span><span class="p">)</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">#</span><span class="nv">DECL</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">((</span><span class="nf">E</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv"><OR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">DIRECTION</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">ROOM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">CEXIT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">NEXIT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">DOOR></span><span class="p">)</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv"><COND</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf"><TYPE?</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">.E</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">DIRECTION></span><span class="p">)</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf"><AND</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv"><TYPE?</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">.E</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">CEXIT></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv"><MEMQ</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv"><2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">.E></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">.RMS>></span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">.EXITS>></span>

</pre></div>

<ul><li><a href="Zork_Implementation_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zork Implementation Language">Zork Implementation Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme (programming language)</a></li>

<li><a href="Planner_(programming_language)" title="Planner (programming language)">Planner (programming language)</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFSupnik2006" class="citation interview cs1">Supnik, Bob (October 25, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/GETLAMP-Supnik">"GET LAMP Bob Supnik Interview"</a> (Interview). Interviewed by Jason Scott. 15:00.</cite></span>

</li>

<cite id="CITEREFLicklider1988" class="citation report cs1"><a href="J._C._R._Licklider" title="J. C. R. Licklider">Licklider, J. C. R.</a> (January 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a197342.pdf">Graphical Programming and Monitoring RADC-TR-88-7</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Rome Air Development Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503021117/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a197342.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 3, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-18</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<cite id="CITEREFDornbrookBlank1980" class="citation book cs1">Dornbrook, Michael; Blank, Marc (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.csail.mit.edu/lcs/pubs/pdf/MIT-LCS-TR-292.pdf"><i>MDL Programming Primer MIT-LCS-TR-292</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Laboratory for Computer Science<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-18</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<cite id="CITEREFGalleyPfister1979" class="citation book cs1">Galley, Stu W.; Pfister, Greg (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ifarchive.org/if-archive/programming/mdl/manuals/MDL_Programming_Language.pdf"><i>The MDL Programming Language</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Laboratory for Computer Science<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-18</span></span>.</cite> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mdl-language.readthedocs.io/en/latest/">Markdown/HTML transcription</a>)</span>

</li>

<cite id="CITEREFLebling1980" class="citation book cs1">Lebling, P. David (May 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ifarchive.org/if-archive/programming/mdl/manuals/MDL_Programming_Environment.pdf"><i>The MDL Programming Environment</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Laboratory for Computer Science<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-18</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<cite id="CITEREFLim1982" class="citation report cs1">Lim, Poh Chuan (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/102210/10219781-MIT.pdf#page=69">A Device-Independent Graphics Manager for MDL</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. p. 69<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-18</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-dyer19840506-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dyer19840506_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDyer1984" class="citation news cs1">Dyer, Richard (1984-05-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970607204921/http://www.csd.uwo.ca/Infocom/Articles/globe84.html">"Masters of the Game"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csd.uwo.ca/Infocom/Articles/globe84.html">the original</a> on 1997-06-07.</cite></span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSupnik2018" class="citation web cs1">Supnik, Bob (2018-06-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://simh.trailing-edge.com/software.html">"Software Kits"</a>. <i>Computer Simulation and History (SimH)</i>. Bitsavers.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-18</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSupnik2007" class="citation web cs1">Supnik, Bob (2007-09-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdp-11.ru/simh_trailing-edge_com/software.html">"Software Kits"</a>. <i>Computer Simulation and History (SimH)</i>. Forum PDP-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-18</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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</style><div id="Lisp_programming880" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp programming</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">Automatic storage management</a></li>

<li><a href="Conditional_(computer_programming)" title="Conditional (computer programming)">Conditionals</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic typing">Dynamic typing</a></li>

<li><a href="Higher-order_function" title="Higher-order function">Higher-order functions</a></li>

<li><a href="Linked_list" title="Linked list">Linked lists</a></li>

<li><a href="Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">Macros</a></li>

<li><a href="M-expression" title="M-expression">M-expressions</a> (deprecated)</li>

<li><a href="Read%E2%80%93eval%E2%80%93print_loop" title="Read–eval–print loop">Read–eval–print loop</a></li>

<li><a href="Recursion_(computer_science)" title="Recursion (computer science)">Recursion</a></li>

<li><a href="S-expression" title="S-expression">S-expressions</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-hosting_(compilers)" title="Self-hosting (compilers)">Self-hosting</a> <a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a></li>

<li><a href="Tree_data_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree data structure">Tree data structures</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object</a> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Common_Lisp_Object_System" title="Common Lisp Object System">Common Lisp Object System</a> (CLOS)</li>

<li><a href="CommonLoops" title="CommonLoops">CommonLoops</a></li>

<li><a href="Flavors_(programming_language)" title="Flavors (programming language)">Flavors</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">Implementations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">Standardized</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common<br>Lisp</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Allegro_Common_Lisp" title="Allegro Common Lisp">Allegro Common Lisp</a></li>

<li><a href="Armed_Bear_Common_Lisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Bear Common Lisp">Armed Bear Common Lisp</a> (ABCL)</li>

<li><a href="CLISP" title="CLISP">CLISP</a></li>

<li><a href="Clozure_CL" title="Clozure CL">Clozure CL</a></li>

<li><a href="CMU_Common_Lisp" title="CMU Common Lisp">CMU Common Lisp</a> (CMUCL)</li>

<li><a href="Corman_Common_Lisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Corman Common Lisp">Corman Common Lisp</a></li>

<li><a href="Embeddable_Common_Lisp" title="Embeddable Common Lisp">Embeddable Common Lisp</a> (ECL)</li>

<li><a href="GNU_Common_Lisp" title="GNU Common Lisp">GNU Common Lisp</a> (GCL)</li>

<li><a href="LispWorks" title="LispWorks">LispWorks</a></li>

<li><a href="Macintosh_Common_Lisp" title="Macintosh Common Lisp">Macintosh Common Lisp</a></li>

<li>Movitz</li>

<li><a href="Poplog" title="Poplog">Poplog</a></li>

<li><a href="Steel_Bank_Common_Lisp" title="Steel Bank Common Lisp">Steel Bank Common Lisp</a> (SBCL)</li>

<li><a href="Genera_(operating_system)" title="Genera (operating system)">Symbolics Common Lisp</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="History_of_the_Scheme_programming_language" title="History of the Scheme programming language">History</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Bigloo" title="Bigloo">Bigloo</a></li>

<li><a href="Chez_Scheme" title="Chez Scheme">Chez Scheme</a></li>

<li><a href="Chicken_(Scheme_implementation)" title="Chicken (Scheme implementation)">Chicken</a></li>

<li><a href="Gambit_(scheme_implementation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambit (scheme implementation)">Gambit</a></li>

<li><a href="Game_Oriented_Assembly_Lisp" title="Game Oriented Assembly Lisp">Game Oriented Assembly Lisp</a> (GOAL)</li>

<li><a href="GNU_Guile" title="GNU Guile">GNU Guile</a></li>

<li><a href="Ikarus_(Scheme_implementation)" title="Ikarus (Scheme implementation)">Ikarus</a></li>

<li><a href="JScheme" title="JScheme">JScheme</a></li>

<li><a href="MIT/GNU_Scheme" title="MIT/GNU Scheme">MIT/GNU Scheme</a></li>

<li><a href="MultiLisp" title="MultiLisp">MultiLisp</a></li>

<li>Pocket Scheme</li>

<li><a href="Racket_(programming_language)" title="Racket (programming language)">Racket</a> (<a href="Racket_features" title="Racket features">features</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Scheme_48" title="Scheme 48">Scheme 48</a></li>

<li><a href="TinyScheme" title="TinyScheme">TinyScheme</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="ISLISP" title="ISLISP">ISLISP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="OpenLisp" title="OpenLisp">OpenLisp</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unstandardized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Logo_(programming_language)" title="Logo (programming language)">Logo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="MSWLogo" title="MSWLogo">MSWLogo</a></li>

<li><a href="NetLogo" title="NetLogo">NetLogo</a></li>

<li><a href="StarLogo" title="StarLogo">StarLogo</a></li>

<li><a href="UCBLogo" title="UCBLogo">UCBLogo</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="POP-11" title="POP-11">POP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="COWSEL" title="COWSEL">COWSEL</a> (POP-1)</li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

<li><a href="AutoLISP" title="AutoLISP">AutoLISP</a></li>

<li><a href="Clojure" title="Clojure">Clojure</a></li>

<li><a href="Dylan_(programming_language)" title="Dylan (programming language)">Dylan</a> (<a href="Apple_Dylan" title="Apple Dylan">Apple</a>, <i><a href="History_of_the_Dylan_programming_language" title="History of the Dylan programming language">history</a></i>)</li>

<li><a href="Emacs_Lisp" title="Emacs Lisp">Emacs Lisp</a></li>

<li><a href="EuLisp" title="EuLisp">EuLisp</a></li>

<li><a href="Franz_Lisp" title="Franz Lisp">Franz Lisp</a>, <a href="PC-LISP" title="PC-LISP">PC-LISP</a></li>

<li><a href="Interlisp" title="Interlisp">Interlisp</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_Engineering_Environment" title="Knowledge Engineering Environment">Knowledge Engineering Environment</a></li>

<li><a href="LeLisp" class="mw-redirect" title="LeLisp">LeLisp</a></li>

<li><a href="Lisp_Machine_Lisp" title="Lisp Machine Lisp">Lisp Machine Lisp</a></li>

<li><a href="Lispkit_Lisp" title="Lispkit Lisp">Lispkit Lisp</a></li>

<li><a href="Maclisp" title="Maclisp">Maclisp</a></li>

<li><a href="MLisp" title="MLisp">MLisp</a></li>

<li><a href="NewLISP" title="NewLISP">newLISP</a></li>

<li><a href="Picolisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Picolisp">Picolisp</a></li>

<li><a href="Portable_Standard_Lisp" title="Portable Standard Lisp">Portable Standard Lisp</a></li>

<li><a href="Cadence_SKILL" title="Cadence SKILL">SKILL</a></li>

<li><a href="Spice_Lisp" title="Spice Lisp">Spice Lisp</a></li>

<li><a href="Zetalisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Zetalisp">Zetalisp</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Common_Lisp_Interface_Manager" title="Common Lisp Interface Manager">Common Lisp Interface Manager</a>, <a href="McCLIM" title="McCLIM">McCLIM</a></li>

<li><a href="Genera_(operating_system)" title="Genera (operating system)">Genera</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lisp_machine" title="Lisp machine">Lisp machine</a>

<ul><li><a href="TI_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="TI Explorer">TI Explorer</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Space-cadet_keyboard" title="Space-cadet keyboard">Space-cadet keyboard</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community<br>of practice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Scheme_Requests_for_Implementation" title="Scheme Requests for Implementation">Scheme Requests for Implementation</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_Lisp_HyperSpec" title="Common Lisp HyperSpec">Common Lisp HyperSpec</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Common_Lisp_the_Language" title="Common Lisp the Language">Common Lisp the Language</a></li>

<li><a href="How_to_Design_Programs" title="How to Design Programs">How to Design Programs</a> (HTDP)</li>

<li><a href="Practical_Common_Lisp" title="Practical Common Lisp">Practical Common Lisp</a></li>

<li><a href="Structure_and_Interpretation_of_Computer_Programs" title="Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs">Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs</a> (SICP)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Curriculum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ProgramByDesign" title="ProgramByDesign">ProgramByDesign</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Computer</a></li>

<li><a href="BBN_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="BBN Technologies">Bolt, Beranek and Newman</a></li>

<li><a href="Harlequin_(software_company)" title="Harlequin (software company)">Harlequin</a></li>

<li><a href="Lucid_Inc." title="Lucid Inc.">Lucid Inc.</a></li>

<li><a href="Symbolics" title="Symbolics">Symbolics</a></li>

<li><a href="Xanalys" title="Xanalys">Xanalys</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT)</li>

<li><a href="MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" title="MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory">MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a> (CSAIL)</li>

<li><a href="Stanford_University_centers_and_institutes#Stanford_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" title="Stanford University centers and institutes">Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a></li>

<li><a href="University_of_California%2C_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Edmund_Berkeley" title="Edmund Berkeley">Edmund Berkeley</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_G._Bobrow" title="Daniel G. Bobrow">Daniel G. Bobrow</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Clinger_(computer_scientist)" title="William Clinger (computer scientist)">William Clinger</a></li>

<li><a href="R._Kent_Dybvig" title="R. Kent Dybvig">R. Kent Dybvig</a></li>

<li><a href="Matthias_Felleisen" title="Matthias Felleisen">Matthias Felleisen</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Bruce_Findler" title="Robert Bruce Findler">Robert Bruce Findler</a></li>

<li><a href="Matthew_Flatt" title="Matthew Flatt">Matthew Flatt</a></li>

<li><a href="Phyllis_Fox" title="Phyllis Fox">Phyllis Fox</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Graham_(programmer)" title="Paul Graham (programmer)">Paul Graham</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Greenblatt_(programmer)" title="Richard Greenblatt (programmer)">Richard Greenblatt</a></li>

<li>Timothy P. Hart</li>

<li><a href="Louis_Hodes" title="Louis Hodes">Louis Hodes</a></li>

<li>Mike Levin</li>

<li><a href="David_Luckham" title="David Luckham">David Luckham</a></li>

<li><a href="John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Tappan_Morris" title="Robert Tappan Morris">Robert Tappan Morris</a></li>

<li><a href="Joel_Moses" title="Joel Moses">Joel Moses</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Park_(computer_scientist)" title="David Park (computer scientist)">David Park</a></li>

<li><a href="Steve_Russell_(computer_scientist)" title="Steve Russell (computer scientist)">Steve Russell</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Scott_Fahlman" title="Scott Fahlman">Scott Fahlman</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_P._Gabriel" title="Richard P. Gabriel">Richard P. Gabriel</a></li>

<li><a href="Philip_Greenspun" title="Philip Greenspun">Philip Greenspun</a> (<a href="Greenspun's_tenth_rule" title="Greenspun's tenth rule">10th rule</a>)</li>

<li><a href="David_A._Moon" title="David A. Moon">David A. Moon</a></li>

<li><a href="Kent_Pitman" title="Kent Pitman">Kent Pitman</a></li>

<li><a href="Guy_L._Steele_Jr." title="Guy L. Steele Jr.">Guy L. Steele Jr.</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_Weinreb" title="Daniel Weinreb">Daniel Weinreb</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Matthias_Felleisen" title="Matthias Felleisen">Matthias Felleisen</a></li>

<li><a href="Shriram_Krishnamurthi" title="Shriram Krishnamurthi">Shriram Krishnamurthi</a></li>

<li><a href="Guy_L._Steele_Jr." title="Guy L. Steele Jr.">Guy L. Steele Jr.</a></li>

<li><a href="Gerald_Jay_Sussman" title="Gerald Jay Sussman">Gerald Jay Sussman</a></li>

<li><a href="Julie_Sussman" class="mw-redirect" title="Julie Sussman">Julie Sussman</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Logo_(programming_language)" title="Logo (programming language)">Logo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hal_Abelson" title="Hal Abelson">Hal Abelson</a></li>

<li><a href="Denison_Bollay" title="Denison Bollay">Denison Bollay</a></li>

<li><a href="Wally_Feurzeig" title="Wally Feurzeig">Wally Feurzeig</a></li>

<li><a href="Brian_Harvey_(lecturer)" title="Brian Harvey (lecturer)">Brian Harvey</a></li>

<li><a href="Seymour_Papert" title="Seymour Papert">Seymour Papert</a></li>

<li><a href="Mitchel_Resnick" title="Mitchel Resnick">Mitchel Resnick</a></li>

<li><a href="Cynthia_Solomon" title="Cynthia Solomon">Cynthia Solomon</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Rod_Burstall" title="Rod Burstall">Rod Burstall</a></li>

<li><a href="Robin_Popplestone" title="Robin Popplestone">Robin Popplestone</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"></span></span> <b><a href="List_of_Lisp-family_programming_languages" title="List of Lisp-family programming languages">List</a></b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Subject:Lisp_programming_language" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:Subject:Lisp programming language">Books</a></b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lisp_(programming_language)" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Lisp (programming language)">Commons</a></b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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